China

China, or the People’s Republic of China as it is formally known, has a long and illustrious history, making it one of the world’s oldest civilizations. The country has a long history of culture and tradition, as well as a complicated political structure. From its earliest beginnings to the present day, the story of China will be told in this article.

The Beginnings of Chinese Culture

Paleolithic artifacts from about 1.7 million years ago show that people were living in China. Along the Yellow River in northern China, however, the first agricultural communities appeared during the Neolithic period, between 10,000 and 4,000 BCE. These societies, which relied on millet farming and animal husbandry, were crucial to the growth of Chinese culture.

China’s Xia Dynasty

Traditional Chinese history places the Xia Dynasty, which ruled from around 2100 to 1600 BCE, as China’s earliest reigning dynasty. However, many academics dismiss the Xia Dynasty as pure myth or legend due to the paucity of artifacts attesting to its actual existence.

Empire of the Shang

Extensive archaeological evidence dates back to the first dynasty, the Shang, which lasted from around 1600 to 1046 BCE. The Shang kings were influential leaders who ruled over a vast area of northern China and implemented a sophisticated governmental system based on ancestor worship and the interpretation of omens from oracle bones.

The Rule of Zhou

The Zhou Dynasty succeeded the Shang Dynasty and was in power from around 1046 to 256 BCE. Agriculture, metallurgy, and the introduction of iron implements were just a few examples of the many cultural and technological achievements that were made throughout the Zhou dynasty. It was also a period of political disintegration, with the Zhou rulers’ influence over their vassal nations eroding over time.

Dynasty of Qin

From 221 to 206 BCE, the Qin Dynasty controlled China and established the country’s first centralized government. The harsh and dictatorial Qin ruler Qin Shi Huangdi standardized weights and measurements, instituted a unified system of writing, and constructed the Great Wall of China to protect the country against nomad incursions.

Dynasty of Han

Following the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty ruled China from 206 BCE to 220 CE. With the discovery of paper, the expansion of the Silk Road trade route, and the emergence of Confucianism as the dominant ideology, the Han dynasty was a time of enormous economic progress and cultural advancement.

Dynasty of the Tang

When the Tang Dynasty was in power, from 618 to 907 CE, China flourished economically and culturally. During the Tang Dynasty, poetry, painting, sculpture, and architecture flourished thanks to the support of the emperors. During the Tang Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced to China, and exams for government positions were established.

As in, the Song dynasty

From 960 to 1279 CE, the Song Dynasty oversaw prosperous times and significant scientific advances for China. Trade and commerce were encouraged by the Song emperors, and during this time, paper currency, gunpowder, and moveable type printing were all developed.

Dynasty of the Yuan

The Mongols conquered China for the first time in 1271 CE and established their Yuan Dynasty, which lasted until 1368 CE. During this time, the Grand Canal was built, connecting northern and southern China, and the Yuan emperors maintained a complex political system based on the principles of Mongol rule.

Empire of the Ming Xia

Great historical events occurred during the Ming Dynasty, which governed China from 1368 until 1644 CE.

The concept of racism, or the idea that one race is inherently better than another, has persisted throughout China’s history. Racism in China has a long history, although it has changed throughout the years in response to political ideology, social and economic shifts, and cross-cultural exchanges.

Racism’s Origins in Ancient China

People of non-Han ethnicities were considered barbarians and inferior as early as the Zhou era (1046-256 BC) in China. Throughout the succeeding dynasties, the Han continued to believe in their own superiority, viewing the rest of the world as backward and uncivilized in comparison to themselves. This view was bolstered by the government’s four-tiered categorisation of ethnic groupings, with the Han at the top and non-Hans at the bottom.

The notion of the “Yellow Peril” arose during the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD), seeing the people of East Asia as a menace to the West. This misconception persisted because of the invasion and exploitation of China by the West in the nineteenth century.

Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union

When it was established in 1921, the Communist Party of China’s primary goal was to rid China of racism and social stratification. Nonetheless, Mao Zedong and his followers used racist propaganda to incite nationalism and unite the Han people against perceived foreign threats during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976).

The way the Chinese government treats its ethnic minority citizens is another sore spot. Particularly targeted for discrimination, cultural repression, and forced assimilation are the Tibetans and Uyghurs. The official program of “Sinicization” in China seeks to assimilate ethnic minorities into the Han majority by eliminating their unique cultural and religious practices.

The New China’s Racism

Racist events have been on the rise in China as the country’s economy and worldwide standing have expanded in recent years. Discrimination against non-native speakers, especially those from African nations, has increased as nationalism and xenophobia have gained popularity.

The treatment of Africans during the 2009 COVID-19 outbreak is often cited as an illustration of China’s institutionalized racism in recent years. There were rumors that African nationals, including those with no symptoms or recent travel to afflicted areas, were being forced into quarantine and subjected to obligatory testing.

Following these incidents, the Chinese government issued a strong condemnation and vowed to do more to combat racism and discrimination. Critics, however, point to government policies and rhetoric as contributing factors, claiming that some officials advocate for the suppression of non-Han cultures and promote the idea of a “pure” Chinese race.

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