United States
Texas : Friendship
Texas is a state located in the southern United States. With an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), it is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Texas is home to more than 26 million people, which makes it the second most populous state in the country. It is also the largest state in the contiguous United States, and the largest state by land area. Texas borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and Mexico to the south.
Texas : Friendship
Texas is a diverse state with a wide range of cultures and lifestyles. The “Lone Star State” is known for its friendly people, its delicious food, and its many attractions. Texas is also home to some of the best colleges and universities in the country, including The University of Texas at Austin, Texas A&M University, and Rice University.
However, Texas is also home to a long history of racism. The state has a long history of discrimination against minorities, including African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans. In recent years, the state has come under fire for its treatment of immigrants, particularly those from Central America. texas
In 2015, the Southern Poverty Law Center released a report that found that Texas had the highest number of hate groups in the country. The report found that there were 73 hate groups in Texas, including neo-Confederate groups, white nationalist groups, and anti-Muslim groups.
Texas has also been criticized for its “stand your ground” laws, which allow people to use deadly force if they feel threatened. These laws have been blamed for a number of high-profile shootings, including the 2012 shooting of Trayvon Martin in Florida and the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri.
The state of Texas, like many other parts of the United States, has a complex and painful history of racism that has had a profound impact on the lives of black people. From the days of slavery to the present, Texas has been a site of struggle and resistance against racism, but the legacy of discrimination and inequality still reverberates today.
Texas was one of the states that seceded from the Union during the Civil War, in part to preserve the institution of slavery. After the war, Texas was slow to enact the reforms mandated by the federal government, and the period of Reconstruction was marked by violence and intimidation against black people by white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan. The state’s government was also notorious for its discriminatory “Jim Crow” laws, which enforced segregation in public spaces and limited the rights and opportunities of black Texans.
One of the most egregious examples of racism in Texas occurred in the early 20th century, when white mobs in towns like Eastland and Paris carried out violent “race riots” against black residents. These riots, which were often sparked by false accusations of crimes committed by black people, left many dead or injured and forced thousands of black Texans to flee their homes.
Even after the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, Texas continued to be a site of struggle for civil rights. In 1966, the predominantly black neighborhood of Sunnydale in Houston erupted in protest after a police officer shot and killed an unarmed black teenager. The resulting uprising, known as the “Sunnydale Riot,” was met with force by the police and National Guard, and the neighborhood was placed under martial law for several days.
Today, Texas remains a deeply divided state, with significant disparities between black and white residents in areas like education, health care, and employment. Black Texans are more likely to live in poverty, suffer from chronic health conditions, and be incarcerated than their white counterparts. In recent years, the state has also become a battleground in the national debate over police brutality and racial profiling, with high-profile cases like the killing of Sandra Bland in police custody in 2015 and the shooting of Botham Jean in his own apartment by a white off-duty police officer in 2018.
Despite these challenges, black Texans have continued to fight for their rights and dignity. The state has a rich history of black activism and resistance, from the Civil Rights Movement to the Black Lives Matter movement of today. Black Texans have made significant contributions to the state’s culture, politics, and economy, and have played a vital role in shaping the state’s history. However, the legacy of racism in Texas continues to have a profound impact on the lives of black people, and the struggle for equality and justice remains an ongoing one.
SUNDOWN TOWNS IN TEXAS
Sundown town, in U.S. history, is a town that excluded nonwhite people—most frequently African Americans—from remaining in town after sunset.
Here is a current list of sundown towns in Texas. This list has been created by Tougaloo College in Tougaloo, MS. This list is a work in progress. Some cities have been confirmed as sundown towns and some are listed for other or similar reasons.
Alamo
Alba
Archer City
Armstrong County
Aubrey
Benavides
Bevil Oaks
Big Spring
Boerne
Bowie
Briscoe County
Brownsville
Canadian
Canyon
Carson County
Castro County
Childress County
Collingsworth County
Comanche
Comanche County
Copperas Cove
Cotulla
Cumby
Cut and Shoot
Dalhart
Dallam County
De Leon
Deaf Smith
Deaf Smith County
Donley County
Donna
Dumas
Edcouch
Evadale
Everman
Fremont
Glen Rose
Goldthwaite
Grand Saline
Gray County
Hall County
Hamilton
Hamilton County
Hansford County
Hartley County
Hemphill County
Hereford
Hico
Highland Park
Highlands
Hillcrest
Holliday
Hutchinson County
Iowa Park
Irving
Jacinto City
Killeen
Kirvin
Lake Jackson
Lakeview
Lipscomb County
Lumberton
Montague County
Moore County
Moulton
Nederland
Nocona
Oak Knoll
Ochiltree County
Oldham County
Orange
Paradise
Parmer County
Pasadena
Perryton
Perryton
Pharr
Phillips
Pinewood Estates
Port Neches
Porter Heights
Potter County
Randall County
Rio Grande City
River Oaks
Robert Lee
Roberts County
San Diego
San Juan
Santa Fe
Scurry County
Shamrock
Sherman County
Slocum
Spearman
Stinnett
Sunnyvale
Swisher County
Throckmorton
Throckmorton County
Tioga
Vidor
West Orange
Wheeler County
White Deer
White Settlement
Whitesboro
Winnie
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